Full-time employee (FTE). Highest commitment, slowest to start (60-120 days to ramped), highest exit cost. Total cost typically 1.25-1.4× salary in the US once benefits, taxes, equipment, and overhead are counted. Right when the outcome is ongoing, requires deep business context, and warrants a permanent owner.
Contractor. Low commitment, fast (1-3 weeks), low exit cost. Hourly or project-based, typically 1.5-2× equivalent FTE hourly rate. Right when work is bounded, deliverable-defined, and doesn't require sitting inside the business.
Fractional. A senior practitioner one-to-two days a week, usually as a contractor. Mid commitment, fast (2-4 weeks), $4-12k/month. Right when work is judgment-heavy and needs a senior person but volume doesn't warrant a full seat. Common for CFO, CMO, head of people, head of product early-stage.
Agency. A team behind one point of contact. Low founder-time, fast (1-4 weeks), retainer or project. Right for known playbooks (paid acquisition, SEO content, design systems, accounting close). Wrong when work needs deep product context.